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يقول السائل: القيود التي تَرِد في النصوص الشرعية كيف أميز بين ما خرج منها مخرج الغالب وبين ما كان مقصودًا للشارع؟ كقيد الولوغ في وجوه التسبيع في الغسل مع التتريب؟
يُقال جوابًا عن هذا السؤال: إن الأصل في القيود والألفاظ أن تحمل على ظاهرها، وأن يعمل بمفهومها، إلا إذا تبين أن هناك دليلًا منصوصًا، أو دليلًا دل عليه التفقه أن اللفظ ليس له مفهوم، وليس قيدًا، إما تفقهًا أو بنص دليل إلى غير ذلك.
وقد يختلف اثنان في هذا، فيظهر لهذا ما لا يظهر لهذا، فيدلل ويبرهن على أن هذا اللفظ ليس مقصودًا، وأنه ليس له مفهوم إلى آخره، فيخالفه الآخر ويثبت خلاف ذلك.
فإذًا الأصل أن له قيدًا وأن له مفهومًا، ومن أراد أن ينتقل عن هذا الأصل فيلزمه البرهان.
فإذا نظر متفقه نظرة فقه، وتبين له أن هذا اللفظ خرج مخرج الغالب، أو كان لسبب أو إلى غير ذلك فإنه لا مفهوم لهذا، ولا يعمل بهذا القيد.
وما ذكره السائل من ذكر الولوغ، فإنه – والله أعلم- خرج مخرج الغالب، وأن هذا ليس خاصًا بولوغ الكلب ولعابه، بل إن بوله وعذرته من باب أولى، وإنما ذُكِر الولوغ لأنه أكثر ما يتضرر به، فإذًا خرج مخرج لغالب، وإلى هذا ذهب جماهير أهل العلم.
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